Trombosit
transfüzyon kriterleri:
Yenidoğan
ve hayatın
ilk 4
ayı |
Çocukluk
ve adölesan
dönemi |
<100000/mm3
ve
kanama varsa
<50000/mm3
ve invazif işlemler
<20000/mm3
ve
klinik stabil
<100000/mm3
ve klinik stabil
değilse |
<50000/mm3
ve
kanama varsa
<50000/mm3
ve invazif işlemler
<20000/mm3
ve
kemik iliği
yetersizliği ile
kanamaya ait
risk faktörü
varlığı
Trombosit sayısı
normal fakat
işlev bozukluğu olup kanama varsa |
Sonuç
Kan
transfüzyonu ile
ilgili çok
sayıda çalışma
ve yayın
vardır, ancak
randomize kontrollü çalışma sayısı azdır
ve hasta
sayıları da
sınırlıdır. Bazı
endikasyonlarda kan
transfüzyonunun etkileri
kesin olarak gösterilmiştir
ve transfüzyon
ile ortaya
çıkan sonuçlar
arasında doğrudan ilişki
vardır. Bu kılavuz
kan transfüzyonu
kararı için
kanıta dayalı
öneriler sunmaktadır.
Bu öneriler kan
transfüzyonu ile
ilgili tedavi
algoritmalarının
oluşturulması için bir
temel oluşturabilir ve
konu ile
ilgili eğitimlerde kullanılabilir.
Önerilerin, kesin
endikasyonlar olmadığı ve kan transfüzyon
kararının hastanın
klinik durumu
dikkate alınarak
verilmesi gerektiği
unutulmamalıdır.
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•
Hb <8 g/dL;
semptomatik kronik anemi
Çocukluk ve
Adolesan Dönemleri
•
>%25 Akut kan
volümü kayıpları
•
Hb < 8
g/dL; perioperatif
dönem
•
Hb <13 g/dL;
Ciddi kardiyopulmoner
hastalık
•
Hb <8 g/dL;
semptomatik kronik anemi
•
Hb <8 g/dL;
kemik iliği
yetersizliği Trombosit
transfüzyon kriterleri:
Yenidoğan ve
Hayatın İlk
4 Ayı
•
<100000/mm3
ve
kanama varsa
•
<50000/mm3
ve
invazif işlemler
•
<20000/mm3
ve klinik stabil
•
<100000/mm3
ve klinik stabil
değilse Çocukluk
ve adölesan
dönemi
•
<50000/mm3
ve
kanama varsa
•
<50000/mm3
ve
invazif işlemler
•
<20000/mm3
ve kemik iliği
yetersizliği ile kanamaya
ait risk
faktörü varlığı
•
Trombosit sayısı
normal fakat
işlev bozukluğu olup kanama
varsa
TRANSPLANTASYON
CERRAHİSİ:
Karaciğer
transplantasyonunda yaş,
cinsiyet, primer
hastalık, Child
sınıflaması, Aptt,
antitrombin III, üre,
kreatinin düzeyi,
trombosit sayısı,
transplant zamanı,
soğuk iskemi süresinin
uzunluğu otolog
kan transfüzyonu miktarı ile
ilişkilidir. (11)
Kan
transfüzyonundaki amaç
hemotokrit düzeyini
%30 seviyesinde
tutmaktır. PT’yi normalin üst
limitinin 1,5
katından düşük
tutmak için
plasma verilir.
Fibrinojen düzeylerini 1,0 g/L
üzerinde tutmak
için kriyopresipitat verilir. Trombosit
sayısı 50
000/ml’nin altında
ise trombosit
konsantresi verilir.
Özellikle kalp
ve karaciğer
transplantasyonuda masif
transfüzyona kadar gidebilen
miktarda transfüzyon
gerekebilir.
Bu
cerrahilerde ürünlerin yıkanıp
lökosit filtrelerinden
geçirilmesi önemlidir.
Yatak başı
testler
eşliğinde
hangi
ürüne
ihtiyaç
duyulduğu
tespit
edilip,
sonuca
göre transfüzyon
yapılmalıdır
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ACİL
İNTRAOPERATİF KAN TRANSFÜZYONU
İLE İLGİLİ
KANITA DAYALI ÖNERİLER
Ahmet
Onat BERMEDE
Soru:
İntraoperatif
acil kan
kayıplarının tanımlanması nasıl
olmalıdır?
Akut kan kaybı:
Bir
yandan kan
kaybının hızı
ve hacmi,
diğer yandan
fizyolojik kompanzasyon
yetisine bağlı
olarak sirkülatuvar hacim kaybının
semptomları ortaya çıkar (1).
Kritik kanama:
Kanamanın
hastada önemli
morbidite veya
mortaliteye neden olduğu
klinik senaryoları tarifler. Birbiri
ile karışabilecek
iki gruba
ayrılabilir.
•
Majör hemoraji, hayatı
tehdit eden
ve masif transfüzyon
gerektiren kanama
•
Kritik alan veya
organlarda, morbidite veya
mortaliteye neden olan
daha az
miktarda hemoraji (ör.
İntrakraniyal, intraspinal veya intraoküler)
Bu kılavuzun
amacı doğrultusunda
kritik kanama
sadece birinci
grubu içerir.
“Kritik kanama” hayatı
tehdit eden
ve masif
transfüzyon
ihtiyacı gerektiren majör hemoraji olarak
tanımlanabilir.
(2) |
Massif transfüzyon:
Massif
transfüzyon kaybedilen kan miktarı
veya tranfüze
edilen kan miktarı
üzerinden tanımlanmıştır.
Sıklıkla, 24 saatte
total kan
hacminin kaybı
(erişkinlerde vücut
ağırlığının %7’si)
veya yaklaşık
10 ünite
eritrosit kaybı
olarak tanımlanır (3-6). Diğer bir
tanımlamaya göre
4 saatte
total hacmin
yarısının replasmanı veya dakikada
150 mL’den daha
fazla olan kan
kayıpları olarak tarif
edilir (7-8).
Tüm bu
tanımlamaların önemi
kritik kanama
ve masif
transfüzyonun erken
tanınması ve
hızlı
şekilde
yönetilmesidir.
Erişkinlerde
masif transfüzyon, 4 saatte
kan hacminin
yarısının veya 24
saatte tümünün
transfüzyonu olarak
tanımlanabilir (erişkin kan
hacmi yaklaşık
olarak 70
mL/kg). |
Tablo:
Kan kaybının
semptoma dayalı
sınıflaması